rabbis

Measuring Midrash

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By Ariella Golani

When a Biblical commentator or modern prophet writes about his understanding of the Bible, is it possible to evaluate what he/she says? And by what means? What are we to tie to as an unmovable anchor?

Originally the Bible was the measure of truth. (Still is IMHO). 

Specifically the Torah. There are several laws in the Torah itself as well as verses in the Tanakh that claim that all truth must be founded first of all on the principles of Torah–That we must not add to nor take from. So how can that be applied in light of an Oral Torah? 

So the big question that puts things in focus is whether or not those who came after Moses and the prophets were/are allowed to write stories about the meaning of what is recorded in the sacred writings of the Tanakh. And if we answer yes, then how will those stories be measured as to what is truth? Is it by a qualifying credential from a school of higher learning, be it a yeshiva, or a university? Or do we boil it down the the same thing–Torah as the only Anchor? Basically, does a rabbinic degree allow departure from the written Torah? And how is Oral Torah measured? Midrash? If there is no basic guide other than being an esteemed sage or rabbi, then public reverence is all that is needed to establish truth and if this is the case then we might as well follow the majority, be it in religious matters or politics. And what was that verse that is so badly taken out of context about following the majority? Hey let me get back to that!

I would not argue that scholars from these institutions have nothing to teach us. But what I take exception to is the often clear stepping aside to redefine the laws of the Torah of Moses–Adding to or taking from as is clearly forbidden by the text of Torah itself. Here is what the Bible says it:

Deu 4: “2 Ye shall not add to the word which I command you, neither shall ye take from it, that ye may keep the commandments of YHVH your God which I command you.”

Deu 12:”32 Everything that I command you, ye shall take heed to do it; thou shalt not add thereto, nor take from it.”

Jos 1: “7 Only be strong and very courageous, that thou mayest take heed to do according to all the law that Moses my servant commanded thee. Turn not from it to the right or to the left, that thou mayest prosper whithersoever thou goest.”

Pro 30:”6 Add thou not unto his words, lest he reprove thee, and thou be found a liar.”

Let’s take as an example, a well-known midrash. It is about Joshua the high priest who was to officiate in the second temple. The story is found in Zechariah 3:1-7:

Zec 3:”1 And he shewed me Joshua the high priest standing before the Angel of YHVH, and Satan standing at his right hand to resist him. 2 And YHVH said unto Satan, YHVH rebuke thee, O Satan! Yea, YHVH that hath chosen Jerusalem rebuke thee! Is not this a brand plucked out of the fire? 3 And Joshua was clothed with filthy garments, and stood before the Angel. 4 And he spoke and said unto those that stood before him, saying, Take away the filthy garments from off him. And unto him he said, See, I have caused thine iniquity to pass from thee, and I clothe thee with festival-robes. 5 And I said, Let them set a pure turban upon his head. And they set the pure turban upon his head, and clothed him with garments; and the Angel of YHVH stood by. 6 And the Angel of YHVH protested unto Joshua, saying, 7 Thus saith YHVH of hosts: If thou wilt walk in my ways, and if thou wilt keep my charge, then thou shalt also judge my house, and shalt also keep my courts; and I will give thee a place to walk among these that stand by.”

So what were the filthy garments that the attendants that stood by removed? Here is something from the internet:

“Intermarriage of Sons: The most prominent Midrashic explanation (found in Talmud Sanhedrin 93b and cited by Rashi) is that Joshua’s sons had married foreign women who were forbidden to the priesthood. The garments were “filthy” because Joshua did not protest or prevent these marriages.” Link

The filthy garments, according to midrash had to be removed, meaning the sons had to divorce their wives and abandon their children. In the story, the sons actually did this and then Joshua was acquitted (the filthy garments removed). 

What the Torah says: a father is not held accountable for the sins of his sons. (this would of course be after the age of accountability).

Deu 24:”16 The fathers shall not be put to death for the sons, neither shall the sons be put to death for the fathers: every man shall be put to death for his own sin.”

So according to Torah, this midrash does not line up. The filthy garments were Joshua’s own sins and his own defilement, apparently things that he absorbed from the exile in Babylon. Now to be cleansed of these things it took the work of divine beings, (those who stood by were commanded to remove the filthy garments from Joshua) perhaps giving him enlightenment.  It was like a day of atonement. Yom Kippur?

If we are looking for another example from the Bible, let us look at the law about the rebellious son and what the parents were to do.

Deu 21: “18 If a man have an unmanageable and rebellious son, who hearkeneth not unto the voice of his father, nor unto the voice of his mother, and they have chastened him, but he hearkeneth not unto them; 19 then shall his father and his mother lay hold on him, and bring him out unto the elders of his city, and unto the gate of his place; 20 and they shall say unto the elders of his city, This our son is unmanageable and rebellious, he hearkeneth not unto our voice; he is a profligate and a drunkard. 21 And all the men of his city shall stone him with stones, that he die. And thou shalt put evil away from thy midst; and all Israel shall hear and fear.”

If parents are ultimately responsible for the sins of their children, then the parents would have also been stoned in this example. 

The prophet Ezekiel speaks to this principle: 

Eze 18: “20 The soul that sinneth, it shall die. The son shall not bear the iniquity of the father, neither shall the father bear the iniquity of the son; the righteousness of the righteous shall be upon him, and the wickedness of the wicked shall be upon him.”

Since the prophet goes along with the commandment in Deuteronomy, we can include it. What happens if a prophet does not speak according to the commandment?

Deu 13: “4 Ye shall walk after YHVH your God, and ye shall fear him, and his commandments shall ye keep, and his voice shall ye hear; and ye shall serve him, and unto him shall ye cleave. 5 And that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams, shall be put to death; for he hath spoken revolt against YHVH your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed you out of the house of bondage, — to draw thee out of the way that YHVH thy God commanded thee to walk in; and thou shalt put evil away from thy midst.”

So if the things a prophet says do not align with what God commanded us in the Torah, then we are not to listen to him. Actually in the instructions for Israel, that prophet was to be  put to death. 

Isa 8:”20 To Torah and testimony: if they speak not according to this word, it is because light has not dawned in them.”

  לְתוֹרָה וְלִתְעוּדָה אִם־לֹא יֹאמְרוּ כַּדָּבָר הַזֶּה אֲשֶׁר אֵין־לוֹ שָׁחַר׃

What we need to ask is what was the influence of the Exile in Babylon that brought about the condition of “filthy garments” ? And what was the remedy? What will happen today when Jews return from the exile? From what do they need to be cleansed? Is the story of Joshua the high priest actually a prophecy for end time return from the exile? I believe it is!

So what about following the majority? 

Orthodox Judaism claims that Jews must follow the majority of the collected rabbinic views on Halakhah. There is very little individual freedom to decide what a text means. 

Where did this idea of following the majority come from? Only one verse in the Torah!

Exodus 23:”2 Thou shalt not follow the multitude for evil; neither shalt thou answer in a cause, to go after the multitude to pervert judgment.”

This verse has been expanded by Oral Torah scholars to mean the following: (And I clearly do not see how this can be accepted by any thinking mind! )

Jewish Virtual Library:

“MAJORITY RULE, deciding a matter according to the majority opinion. In the field of the halakhah this rule is applied in three principal instances:

(a) determination of the binding law according to (the view of) the majority of halakhic scholars;

(b) adjudication of dispute by the majority decision of the courts’ judges; and

(c) imposition by majority decision of the community, or its representatives, of a communal enactment (see *Takkanot ha-Kahal), binding on all members of the community. The basis for the majority rule is to be found in the exegesis of the scriptural phrase, aḥarei rabbim le-hattot (to “follow a multitude…” Ex. 23:2).” Link. 

So what this does is to negate individual understanding of the Torah and place it outside in a rabbinic courtroom. Now the Torah becomes complicated and the individual becomes subservient to the leadership. Makes me think of some Catholics I knew in Mexico. They claimed they needed a priest to explain the Bible because it wasn’t written for the common man or woman!

But the Torah was given in simple form so that each person can understand it without scholastic interpretation:

Deu 30:”11 For this commandment which I command thee this day is not too wonderful for thee, neither is it far off. 12 It is not in the heavens, that thou shouldest say, Who shall go up for us to the heavens, and bring it to us, that we should hear it and do it? 13 And it is not beyond the sea, that thou shouldest say, Who shall go over the sea for us, and bring it to us, that we should hear it and do it? 14 For the word is very near to thee, in thy mouth and in thy heart, that thou mayest do it.”

And what about needing numerous fences around the Torah? This is often used to justify why there are so many Halakhic rules for Torah commandments. Do we really believe that God will punish us for somehow not understanding the simple words of the commandments? After all, thou shalt not steal, thou shalt not bow to an image, thou shalt not kill, thou shalt not make God’s name of none effect…all these as well as the rest need no elaboration. 

So how about we just keep it simple!

Zion, the Land of Seeing

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Stop importing the Diaspora!
by Ariella Casey

For nearly 2000 years God’s people were scattered to all nations. We can blame Rome as chiefly the cause of this and much of the subsequent persecution that came about, but why did Hashem apparently walk away? And though this scattering was prophesied and given as a warning (Leviticus 24:14-33), the tragic history continues to sadden the hearts of those who try to return to the path of the righteous. But how will we know the way back? And where is back, anyway? What was it that originally led to this tragic history? Is it that God somehow forgot about us? Did we choose to stop following the light? It seems from reading the Bible that we ‘changed horses in the middle of the stream’, but how and when? And how do we get back to where we need to be? When did rabbis replace prophets? 

For more than 2000 years we have not had a genuine prophet. Some may argue, but when we apply the Biblical standard for prophets (Deut. 18:22), we see that none who have been held up as having the gift of prophecy actually qualify. I would say to anyone who thinks otherwise, show me the evidence that they did not add to nor subtract from the original Torah. Miracles aside, and fulfilled prophecy aside, if they change even one principle of Torah they do not qualify. 

But regardless of the horrific past suffering, there is hope today. But this hope is available only in the land of Israel. How so? Take a look at what Isaiah, one of the latter prophets, says about hope and restoration in the land:

“The wilderness and the arid land shall be glad; and the desert shall rejoice, and blossom like the tulip. It shall blossom abundantly, and rejoice even with joy and singing: the glory of the Lebanon shall be given to it, the excellency of the Carmel and the Sharon, they shall see the glory of YHVH, and the excellency of our God. 

Strengthen the weak hands, and confirm the feeble knees. Say to them that are of a fearful heart, Be strong, fear not: behold, your God will come with vengeance, even with a divine recompense; he will come and save you.

Then the eyes of the blind shall be opened, and the ears of the deaf shall be unstopped.

Then shall the lame man leap as a hart and the tongue of the dumb sing: for in the wilderness shall waters break out, and streams in the desert.

And the parched ground shall become a pool, and the thirsty land springs of water: the habitation of jackals shall become a pasture for cattle, an enclosure of reeds and rushes.

And a highway shall be there, and a way, and it shall be called The way of holiness: the unclean shall not pass over it; and he shall be to them a guide, and fools shall not err in it.

No lion shall be there, nor any ravenous beast shall go up on it, they shall not be found there; but the redeemed shall walk there: and the ransomed of YHVH shall return, and come to Zion with songs and everlasting joy upon their heads: they shall obtain joy and gladness, and sorrow and sighing shall flee away.” (Isa 35:1-10 Koren Bible)

So is there any hope? There is in Zion. Can there be hope anywhere else? Who will come home to the land? Those who are ransomed by the Almighty YHVH who remembers his covenant with Israel and the Jewish people. Can there be a fulfillment of this promise outside the land? There is only one place of safety for the Jews. 

So in the land of Israel the eyes of the blind will be opened according to Isaiah 35:5. The eyes of the blind? Are we all blind? Most of us are not physically blind, but almost all of us have been spiritually blind. We have thought that God has left us, or that we are not following Halakha closely enough and that once we get it right, we would have a connection to the divine. Little do we know that what we have followed among the nations is not required in the land of Israel. Much of what was followed by Jews in other lands was invented by rabbis to safeguard their congregants from assimilation. But, in creating new laws, they often went too far, far beyond what was specified in the Torah. And that now being irrelevant for Israel, it needs to be laid aside as we learn first-hand from the ONE who is there to instruct us. We may need to have everything stripped away before we can see for the first time. The blindfolds of our former lifestyle must be removed before we will be able to see. 

But what about those who have not yet come to Israel? What about the ten tribes that still float around in the nations? This is not to condemn those who have not yet come. The redeeming process is ongoing. But, one day, all must come if they want to really see. 

But, I must tell you that Israel is not a place of comfort. It is a place of trial, a place of breaking down, or stripping off, of learning dependence upon the Hand that led us here. Do we have even a little bit of trust in the Eternal? 

Israelis who were born in the land probably were offspring of those who fought to establish a home for the Jewish people. Many of these people are not observant in the Orthodox sense. But they are real people. They love the land. They go out of their way to help you when you are down. And they are wild and reckless much of the time. And they may not tolerate your diasporic nonsense. They will borrow your parking place and stop and talk to a friend in the middle of the road when others are impatient to get by. And they will hoot at you or flash their lights if you are merely going the speed limit, and they want to get around. But they are all heart, and that is something many of us have lost while living abroad. How did this culture develop? By fighting for the right to exist. By fighting for the land that was given to the forefathers. Many gave their blood for this land and are unwilling to give up even an inch of what their compatriots gave their blood for. 

The land of Israel is pure light. How so? It is almost as if nothing we do here is hidden, no not from God and not from anyone. Everything comes under Divine scrutiny, and the conscience is quickened as our faults are revealed to us. It is the place of learning to walk, learning to see, learning to hear. Once here for a while, there is no going back. 

But Israel is not for everyone, many have come and do not make it here. Many have tried to live strict Halakha while living in the land and have left. Others want the comforts of their diaspora lifestyle, big games and shows and lovely heated homes and backyards. They soon go back to their communities, to reestablish themselves in the comfort they were accustomed to. And rightly so, Israel is not about that. It is about learning and growing and being the people of the Book. And we all come with a desire for the old and familiar, the leeks and the onions of Egypt. But when we learn that the leeks are much bigger, the fruit is sweeter, and pomegranates and grapefruits less bitter, we realize the taste of the land of milk and honey. 

And others have developed communities in the most “Holy” cities of the land. These places are full of these Diaspora Jews. They have recreated communities for the blind, following that which they feel is the will of God. But many of us stay away from these cities. We somehow do not fit in. 

If I have anything to stress in this publication, it is the emphasis that Zion is not just any country. It is a magical land that hugs its children but spews out those that do not belong here. That the war of October 7 was a response from the dark to block the call for the Jews to return to the land. Many have made their way to Israel during this time. The fear of war did not drive them away. This was one of our many tests. People came anyway. I say Kol HaKavod! Many read the handwriting on the wall that the nations would come against them if they did not come home. 

It is indeed time to come home, my friends! The land awaits us like a mother with outstretched arms.

Will you come?

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