Introduction by Ariella Casey
In the following articles, we focus on the Red Heifer of Parsha Chukat, Numbers 19:1-22:1. The first article explores some of the studied beliefs of Jewish sages, as well as gives over some of the thoughts of our guest author. The second article, also from Serafini’s research, is strictly Karaite. Your comments are appreciated.
By Guest author Nathanael Serafini
Parashat Chukat begins with the laws of the *parah adumah* – the red heifer – including the process necessary for preparing the waters of purification and the purification ritual itself. The Torah introduces the topic in this way: “This is the law of the Torah” (Numbers 19:2).
These words evoke an obvious exegetical question: why did the Torah not say “This is the law of the red heifer”? After all, the subject that follows consists of the laws of the red heifer, not the entirety of the Torah’s laws.
Additionally, if a person touches a dead human body, they are considered *tamei met* (impure from death) for seven days. During this period, such a person cannot enter the Beit Hamikdash (Holy Temple), and it goes without saying that they cannot participate in the sacrifices offered there. The person is purified again when they are sprinkled with water mixed with the ashes of the red heifer on the third and seventh days of their impurity.
The red heifer had to be of a very rare color, completely red and free of black (or white) hairs. Furthermore, no yoke was to have been placed upon the animal. This was no small feat in a country where cows were among the most used animals for fieldwork. Finding such a cow was evidently an arduous task, and when it was found, its price soared. Our Sages tell us that over the hundreds of years during which our nation lived on its land, the red heifer was discovered only a few times, after which it was slaughtered so that the ashes could be prepared.
Anyone reading this passage for the first time must find it perplexing. And even those who read it year after year may feel uneasy trying to interpret this law. What is this law supposed to be? Why ashes? Why a cow? And why did it have to be red?
We should not feel uneasy if we have never succeeded in understanding how – or why – this works. It is one of the most peculiar laws of the Torah, and even our Sages testified that it is a decree made by God Himself, a decree that surpasses human understanding. Nevertheless, we will try to make sense of it all and evaluate what lies behind this enigmatic subject.
Two teachings will help us understand the topic.
In one of these teachings, we can ask the following question: “Why were all the sacrifices male sheep or goats, while this one was a female cow?” In the Scriptures, the responsibility of motherhood is often associated with the faults of their children, for example in the case of Hagar with her son Ishmael (Genesis 21:10), and other matriarchs like Leah and Rachel held the same responsibility regarding their sons (Genesis 30:16). Although we Karaites have faith only in the Miqra (Tanakh), it is interesting to read for informational purposes the opinions of the midrashim that sometimes illustrate Torah concepts. In this regard, we find: “Let the cow come and atone for the sin of the calf” (Bamidbar Rabba 19:8).
It would therefore be appropriate to understand that the burning of the red heifer is symbolically on the same level as the sin of the golden calf and the impurity it produced, and we now ask the cow to wipe it away, in the sense of erasing, of making *teshuvah*. How do we do that? And what is the connection between these two things?
Why could the red heifer atone for the sin committed with the golden calf? Isn’t this sin scarlet red? Aren’t all sins scarlet red? So it is this symbolic red color of sin that gives the desired dimension to this “red” heifer. Life is found in the blood (Leviticus 17:11) and is carried by the blood, which is its home; it is the bearer of life but also an indicator of death, which comes to an individual who has played with life (Genesis 4:10). And when the ashes of the heifer are burned, they become white, as it is said: “Though your sins are like scarlet, they shall be as white as snow” (Isaiah 1:18).
These two symbols point us in the same direction: the sin of the golden calf is the most significant of all sins, especially since it was the first sin committed after the Torah was given at Mount Sinai. It serves as a model for other human failings. The essence of this failure is people’s attachment to a material and sensory world: in showing the golden calf, the people exclaimed: “These are your gods, O Israel” (Exodus 32:4).
The desire to cling to materialism has led us to imagine that material objects are what truly matter, while spirituality and the living soul are merely ephemeral phenomena. A confrontation with death could intensify this feeling: faced with death, man feels how ephemeral and arbitrary the physical world is.
Man might, unfortunately, come to think that material life is the foundation of our existence in the world, and that without the physical component, the world has no meaning. The feeling of emptiness one feels in the face of death is what the Torah calls *tumah* – impurity – and this is what the Torah attempts to eradicate. The red heifer reminds us that decay in the world is the product of sin.
What is eternal in man is shaped by his morality and by the model or image of the Creator that exists in each of us. By burning the red and turning it white, we are reminded that a person can correct their failures. Although these corrections are not enough to save a person’s life, the spiritual and moral aspects derived from the Creator are immortal.
This is why the section begins with the words “This is the law of the Torah.” This verse does not only address the laws of the red heifer. The true subject we are discussing is the essence of human life.
This life, do we place it under the control of the “red,” that is, of the materialistic, individualistic world, without faith or law? Or does each person understand that they have a vested interest in knowing what to do with the time allotted to them? Time that belongs to the timeless values of the Torah and the eternal divine spirit of the Creator, which is rooted in every human being He created and to whom He asks for an account, as a Judge full of mercy.
Nathanaël Serafini
The following article, also submitted by Nathanael Serafini, expresses a Karaite View from the Firkovich collection of Karaites of St. Petersburg 1876.
The Logic of the Red Heifer
Impurity is the consequence of the encounter between a living human and death. A stone cannot become impure because it has never known life. Death is the opposite of life, and the shock caused by encountering it shakes life. An Israelite is more impure than a non-Jew. Similarly, a woman who gives birth to a boy is impure for seven days because she carried a living body within her. When she gives birth to a girl, she is impure for two weeks because the girl herself has the potential to carry life. Her impurity is thus doubled.
The purification from the impurity of death is achieved through the red heifer by “resurrection.”
The Torah says: Warn the children of Israel to choose a heifer for you: A heifer – a female – a symbol of fertility, not a bull. The heifer gives life.
Red: the color of life.
Unblemished: perfect vitality.
Which has not yet borne the yoke: whose vitality has not been diminished.
You will give it to the priest Eleazar… it shall be slaughtered: the slaughtering is the annulment of life.
It is burned entirely: its skin, flesh, and blood, along with its dung, are burned. Absolutely everything.
Outside the camp: outside the place of life, where it is reduced to ashes. Ashes, unlike dust, do not coalesce and are not fertile. It is the absolute division.
Death also dominates the plant world. The largest tree is the cedar. The smallest is the hyssop. He shall take cedarwood, hyssop, and scarlet, and cast them into the fire burning the heifer (Num. 19:6). These are the extremes of the plant world. The heifer and the scarlet represent the extremes of the animal kingdom. The worm is what remains of man.
The maximum of life is reduced to the pinnacle of death.
A human being consists of a body and a soul. The body is like an earthen vessel, opaque. The soul is like a flow of living water. Man is a vessel containing living water.
We take the ashes, the trace of death, and resurrect them with living water – like the soul, in a vessel – like the body. That is why this water is used to purify from the impurity of death.
The mystery of the red heifer is elucidated.
If it is so simple, why did Solomon say: “I said, ‘I will be wise,’ but it was far from me” (Ecclesiastes 7:23), alluding to the mystery of the red heifer? It is because the key to the mystery is still distant. The transition from life to death and from death to life remains a mystery, as does the mystery of life within matter, as our sages, the Hakhamim, said: “Prodigious in action (creator) – who binds the spiritual to the material.”
